Meso-system influences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Meso-system influences - Essay Example For example, a school that provides its students movies on various countries is providing the children great exposure to the outside world, thus enhancing mental development. Similarly, the role of family in the socialization of children has been acknowledged by social scientists. In fact, socialization of children starts in the family, and what schools provide is the continuation of this. Supporting this point, studies have shown that when schools and families work collectively, students perform much better in their studies and in future life. In addition, it has become evident from studies that the school achievement of a child is determined, to a great extent, by a family environment that encourages and values learning, and the involvement of family in the education. In addition, it has become evident that children from ethnic groups and low economic status fair poorly in studies and socialization. In other words, as Paquette and Ryan opine, the effectiveness of socialization at s chool is, to a great extent, dependent on the family background too. The connection between school and media cannot be neglected. For example, almost all schools utilize media either in their classrooms or outside classroom.

ANSWER POST Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ANSWER POST - Essay Example In this regard, I think this is a good way of thinking, but based on the fact that the Indian tribes had their tribal courts, I believe that Native Americans should also have their own courts although they may be in conflict with the traditional American system. The author of this post suggests that because the American Criminal Justice system is applied widely across the country, it becomes a touchy issue to establish Native American court. However, the author believes that it is the right of Native Americans to have their own tribal court system, although it may make it more difficult for the American justice system. The author also backs his claim by using a quote from NADCP that there are conflicting values in America which we should all be aware of. I agree with the author that the differences between different communities indicate some level of maturity. In this regard, operating tribal court systems alongside the American justice system despite their conflicts shows some maturity in terms of appreciating American diversities (Nielsen & Silverman, 2009). This post makes me to understand that we all have our rights to uphold our traditions, and tribal courts are the best courts to uphold such

The Life And Work Of Carl Rogers Philosophy Essay

The Life And Work Of Carl Rogers Philosophy Essay Carl Rogers was born on January 8 1902 in Chicago, Illinois and was the fourth of six children. His father was a successful civil engineer and as such was often away from home, leaving his mother to raise them and so he grew up closer to his mother than to his father. His family was very close, however, and highly religious but friendship outside the family was discouraged; reason being that others behaved in ways that were inappropriate and contrary to the familys beliefs. These included smoking, drinking, going to the movies etc. and so the family decided that it was better to live separate from such folk and to avoid communicating with them, but the best that they could do was to be tolerant of them. Rogers was a loner in school and as such took refuge in books. He read everything possible including dictionaries and encyclopaedias. When Rogers was 12 his father moved his family to a farm such that they could live in a more wholesome and religious atmosphere. There his father insisted that they run a farm and it was here that Rogers developed a deep interest in agriculture. After high school he enrolled in the University of Wisconsin in 1919 to study agriculture, however because he was still very active in church activities he was chosen in 1922 to attend the World Student Christian Federation Conference in Peking, China. This trip was a life changing experience for Rogers that lasted six months and which, for the first time, allowed him to experience people of different religions. This new experience made such an impact on Rogers that he wrote to is parents declaring his independence from their conservative religion, and almost immediately developed an ulcer that caused him to be hospitalized for several weeks. Rogers changed his major upon returning to university and graduated in 1924 with a degree in History. Shortly after graduation he married his childhood sweetheart, Helen Elliott, and they eventually had two children together. Soon after marriage Rogers move to New York and enrolled in the liberal Union Theological Seminary while also taking courses in psychology and education at neighbouring Columbia University. However, doubts about the religious approach to helping people caused him to transfer to Columbia University full-time and where he then earned his masters degree in clinical psychology in 1928 and his doctorate in 1931. His dissertations concerned the measurement of personality adjustment in children and thus lead him to work for the Child Study Department of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to children in Rochester, New York. As a result of his experiences here he developed his own brand of psychotherapy. While working at the Society he wrote his first book entitle d The Clinical Treatment of the Problem Child. Thereafter he was offered a position at Ohio State University at the rank of full professor, and it was then at the age of 38 that he decided to begin a new career in the academic world. In 1944 Rogers took leave from Ohio State to become director of counselling services for the United Services Organization in New York. After one year he moved to the University of Chicago as professor of psychology and director of counselling and it was during this time that he wrote what others thought to be his most important work, Client-Centered Therapy: Its Current Practice, Implications, and Theory (1951). In 1957, Rogers returned to the University of Wisconsin where he held the dual position of professor of psychology and professor of psychiatry. In 1963, he joined the Western Behavioural Sciences Institute (WBSI) in La Jolla, California where he eventually formed the Center for the Studies of the Person. Rogers continued to work on the Vienna Peace Project and peace workshops in Moscow until his death on February 4, 1987 from cardiac arrest following surgery for a broken hip. Carl Rogerss revolutionary and most important work brought out in his book Client-Centered Therapy: Its Current Practice, Implications, and Theory (1951) marked a change in his approach to psychology. At first his approach was called nondirective, because he believed that in a positive therapeutic atmosphere clients would solve their problems automatically, but his practice became client-centered when he realized that the therapist had to make an active attempt to understand and accept a clients subjective reality before any real progress could be made. Rogers set out to use a method called the Q-technique in order to measure the effectiveness of therapy where he had clients describe themselves as they were at the moment (real self) and then as they would like to become, (ideal self). The two selves were measured in such a way as to allow the correlation between them to be determined. Normally when the therapy begins, the correlation between the two selves is very low, but if therapy is effective it becomes larger, that is the real self becomes more similar to the ideal self. This technique helps the therapist to determine the effectiveness of his or her procedures at any point during, or after, therapy. Rogers rejected the deterministic approach of psychoanalytic theory and behaviourism brought about by Freud and other psychologists. Instead Rogers believed that behaviour is a response to the individuals perception/ interpretation of external stimuli. As no-one else can know how we perceive, were the best experts on understanding our own behaviour. Rogers also sees human nature in a very positive and optimistic light, quoting: There is no beast in man; there is only man in man. A description of self, which is an organised, consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself, helped to set the pace on Rogerss humanistic approach, describing that the awareness of who a person is and what they can do influences both their perception of the world and their behaviour. By evaluating every experience in terms of self, most human behaviour can be understood as an attempt to maintain consistency between ones self-image and ones actions. This self image may not always be achieved and self-image may differ quite radically from our actual behaviour and from how others see us. For example a person may be highly successful and respected by others, and yet regard him/herself as a failure. This is what Rogers called an incongruent person that is a person whose internal guidance system or organismic valuing process is replaced by positive regards of persons we look up to who would only love us based on whether or not we do what they want us to do, also known as conditio ns of worth, as a guide for living. When incongruent experiences, feelings, actions, etc come into conflict with self image they can be threatening and as such access to awareness may be denied through actual denial, distortion or blocking. These defence mechanisms prevent the self from growing and changing and widen the gap between self-image and reality. The more the self-image changes and becomes unrealistic; the incongruent person becomes more confused, vulnerable, dissatisfied and eventually seriously maladjusted. As a contrast the congruent person is flexible and changes realistically as new experiences occur, thus when our self-image matches what we really think and feel and do, we are in the best position to self-actualise. Like Maslow, Rogers assumed every human being has an innate drive toward self-actualisation, and if people use this tendency in living their lives, there is a strong likelihood that they will live fulfilling lives and ultimately reach their full potential. This is what was earlier described as the organismic valuing process. Persons who uses this process is motivated by his or her own true feelings and is living what the existentialists call an authentic live, that is, a live motivated by a persons true inner feelings rather than beliefs, traditions, values or conventions imposed by others. Rogers once remarked that all of my professional life I have been going in directions which others thought were foolish, but I have never regretted moving in directions which felt right, even though I have often felt lonely or foolish at the time. Experience is for me, the highest authority. Neither the Bible nor the prophets, neither Freud nor research, neither the revelations of God nor man can take precedence over my own experience. Rogers claim that most people do not live according to their innermost feelings. He claims that the problem begins at birth where there is need for positive regard where such regards involves receiving such things as love, warmth, sympathy, and acceptance from the relevant people in a childs life. This positive regard given freely to a child would not pose a problem however the problem arises only when there are conditions of worth which happens when relevant persons in that childs life only give positive regard if they act or think in accordance with those relevant people in their lives. Rogers conclude that as long as people live their lives according to someone elses values instead of their own true feeling, experience will be edited and certain experiences that would have been in accord with the organismic valuing process will be denied. Rogers offer one way to avoid imposing conditions of worth on people, and that is to give them unconditional positive regard where they are loved and respected for what they truly are; and as such allowing that person to become a fully functioning person. Since Rogers viewed incongruency as the cause of mental disorders, he therefore believed that the goal of psychotherapy is to help people overcome conditions of worth and again live in accordance with their organismic valuing processes. He states The path of development toward psychological maturity, the path of therapy, is the undoing of this estrangement in mans functioning, the dissolving of conditions of worth, the achievement of a self which is congruent with experience, and the restoration of a unified organismic valuing process as the regulator of behaviour. Thus here lies the need for Rogerss person-centered therapy. Rogers believe that therapy needs the right climate, which rests not on technique but on the relationship between therapist and client. He proposed three core conditions that he claimed are both necessary and sufficient for this relationship. These include: Warmth where the therapist must have respect for the client and display complete acceptance of the person in his or her own right at that moment in time, which should be accompanied by a non-judgemental attitude towards the client. Genuineness where the therapist must show that they are a real person, with thoughts and feelings, which should be expressed where appropriate. This enhanced by self-disclosure. Empathy where the therapist must enter the clients inner world which can be achieved through genuine, attentive listening and restating what the client says, in order to clarify its emotional significance. Also the therapist must be sensitive to the clients problem and sense the pleasure or hurt of the client as if it were his own. The therapists main task is therefore to create a therapeutic atmosphere in which clients can become fully integrated again. This can be achieved only if clients reduce their conditions of worth, and increase their unconditional positive self-regard. The therapists job is to create a situation in which clients can change themselves, and this is aided by an emotionally warm, accepting, understanding and non-evaluative relationship in which the person is free from threat and has the freedom to be the self that he/she really is. Rogerss person-centered psychology has been applied to such diverse areas as religion, medicine, law enforcement, ethnic and cultural relations, politics, international conflict, organizational development education, personal power and marriage. The humanistic approach popularised by Carl Rogerss person-centered theory which believes that human beings who are free to plan their own actions, and ultimately their own destiny are struggling to grow and to make difficult decisions that will profoundly affect their lives; and as a result of these decisions, each of us becomes unique and responsible for our own behaviour. Rogerss person-centered therapy is based on the assumption of freewill and the therapist helps clients to excercise free will in such a way as to maximize the rewards of their lives. To conclude, I must say that I find Carl Rogerss humanistic approach of person-centered therapy as very insightful and interesting. His theory of self and concentrating thereupon making ones self perception more important than that of others perception is one that I would support even though I am of the opinion that other persons perception of another do matter but not to the highest degree. I am also excited and supportive of the process of reconciliation between ones real self which who one is at the moment and ones ideal self which is what one would like to become. This brings about the self-actualisation aspect of person-centered therapy and I strongly agree with it in that I think that everyone should aspire to be the best that they can be while living and as such they may be able to live a more fulfilling (authentic) life. I also agree with a persons need for positive regard in that in order for us to strive to do our best we need some sort of support system, not necessarily ou r parents, but others also to encourage us and affirm us that we can be better at anything and everything that we do, which indeed should start from birth. Although I agree that it is important for persons to be motivated and to esteem self to a high degree, I also think that we are interdependent beings who need each others guidance on matters which we are not yet familiar and thus we cannot rule out others opinions and perceptions of us which might add significantly to our growth. Also, we live in a world where there are extremists, who are persons who old fast to personal views and liberalists who are persons who feel like anything goes and those who have a balance between the two. We are brought up by these groups of people and it is inevitable that we should suffer as inefficient beings who lack unconditional positive regard, however when we are old enough to decipher the best possible group to be associated with the better it is for us to be able to live an authentic life. I think that Rogerss view where he stated that Experience is for me, the highest authority is based entirely on his experience with his family and their conservative religious lifestyle compared to that which he experienced after declaring independence from their beliefs; and although a I respect his views I totally disagree that experience is the highest authority. This is so because I believe with all of my mental capacity that God above anyone or anything else can do for us, through us, in us and about us what we can never conceive. The bible says that He is able and willing if we just ask and believe. So I all in all I would prefer and would encourage other to try and live a more holistic life rather than a more authentic life and if we have problems achieving this then seek ye first the kingdom of God and His righteousness and all things shall be added unto you. I think that person-centered therapy, despite its discrepancies, is a fairly reasonable approach and I would recommend it second to God.

Stereotypes Essay -- essays research papers

Gender Stereotypes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In today’s society, people stereotype to generalize certain groups; such as religion, beliefs, or even discriminating groups of people because of there race, gender, or appearance. Stereotypes can be very harmful and unfair. Gender stereotypes have been around since the beginning of time, and are still very prominent today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As a child, I was brought up with the idea boys are strong, aggressive, and the leader; where as, girls are weak, passive, and the follower. My mother, made it clear to my sister and I, that playing sports was not acceptable for a young lady. Young ladies should be playing with dolls and playing house. Growing up, my friends and I would get together to play house, and every time we would play; Steve was the working father, Kelsey was the daughter and I was the housewife. Even at a young age, women are portrayed as the homemaker, cooking and cleaning, and the male going to work and bringing home the â€Å"bacon.† When children are playing house, adults should guide them in the right direction. Simply explaining to the child woman work also can do this. As a teacher’s aide, I have the opportunity to work with children, and seeing first hand how children have been influenced by stereotyping. While observing the students, I noticed a little girl, Emily, crying. When I approached Emily she was very upset. I asked Emily what was bothering her and she replied, â€Å"Nathan,† said â€Å"I can’t ...

Hip Abductor Strengthening Exercises Health And Social Care Essay

The gluteal muscle medius is described as a strong kidnapper and median rotator of the hip articulation. During the stance stage of pace, the gluteal muscle medius is supported to forestall the sagging of the pelvic girdle on the unsupported side. The action of the gluteal muscle minimus is said to be similar to that of gluteal muscle medius4. Curative exercising is one of the most of import intercessions used by rehabilitation professionals. Therapists routinely prescribe hep abduction beef uping exercisings for patients who have sustained Hip hurt or others who have undergone entire hip arthroplasty5. Physical healers use many fluctuations of hip kidnapper beef uping exercisings in the rehabilitation procedure. Many clinicians use a standard side lying hip abduction exercise6,7,8. Other common methods of beef uping hip kidnapper musculuss include, Weight bearing exercises5. i Pelvic bead i Weight bearing hip abduction i Weight bearing with flexure abduction of contra sidelong Hip Non-Weight bearing exercises5. i Non-Weight bearing side-lying hip abduction i Non-Weight bearing standing hip abduction i Non-Weight bearing standing flexed hip abduction Neumann and colleagues9,10,11 reported that electromyography ( EMG ) activity of hip kidnappers during the stance stage of walking additions when transporting a burden in the manus contralateral to the given hip kidnappers. This survey intends to compare the effectivity of weight bearing hep abduction in stable platform sidelong increase and wobble board sidelong increase in bettering the strength of hip abductors5.1.1 NEED FOR THE STUDYHip kidnapper beef uping exercisings over stable and unstable platform may assist in steering the determination doing procedure needed for appropriate exercising prescription.1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMEffectiveness of wobble board sidelong step-up vs. stable platform sidelong increase in hip kidnapper beef uping on healthy topics.1.3 AimEfficacy of wobble board sidelong step-up exercising in hip kidnapper strengthening. Efficacy of stable platform sidelong step-up exercising in hip kidnapper strengthening. To compare efficaciousness of wobble board and stable platform sidelong step-up exercising in hip kidnapper strengthening.1.4 EXPECTED OUTCOMETherapist will concentrate hip kidnapper strengthening by unfastened kinetic method. But this survey focuses on strength betterments of Hip kidnapper over stable and unstable platform. The survey if proven effectual may propose the usage of unstable platform sidelong increase as an built-in portion of Hip kidnapper beef uping protocol. This may steer in better neuromuscular control of Hip and henceforth earlier rehabilitation.1.5 HYPOTHESISNull HypothesisThere is no important difference in betterment of hip kidnapper strength between wobble board and stable platform sidelong increase exercisings.Alternate HypothesisThere is a important difference in betterment of hip kidnapper strength between wobble board and stable platform sidelong increase exercisings.2. REVIEW OF LITERATUREi Nicole J. Chimera, Kathleen A. Swanik ( 2004 ) concluded that the increased preparatory adductor activity and kidnapper to adductor co-activation represent preprogrammed motor schemes learned during the plyometric training22. i Mackinnon and Winter ( 1993 ) stated that the dynamic balance of the Head, Arms and Trunk about the back uping hip depends on the control of pelvic gesture by the hip musculature23. i Kupa ( 1995 ) stated that the gluteal muscle medius musculus has a larger proportion of fast vellication fibre than the primary tonic paraspinals21. i Frank Gottschalk, Sohrab Kourosh ( 1989 ) stated that gluteus medius with its 3 parts and phasic maps is responsible for the stabilisation of the hip articulation in the initial stage of the pace rhythm. It is of import besides in originating the major pace determiner of pelvic rotary motion. Gluteus minimus map as a primary hip stabilizer during the mid and a late stage of the pace cycle4. i Sorosky et Al ( 2004 ) recommended proximal kinetic concatenation muscular structure, specifically the gluteal muscle medius and gluteal muscle maximus to command ankle motion24. i Cale Jacobs ( 2005 ) concluded that hip abduction strength differences exist between the dominant and non-dominant legs25. i Mann RA ( 1986 ) , Montgomery WH III ( 1994 ) , stated that the hip kidnapper musculus fire during mid stance of running to stabilise the pelvis26,27, without a equilibrating contraction from the kidnappers, the thighbone and subsequent lower leg could fall in into farther or uncontrolled adduction38. i Rogers MV ( 2000 ) stated that in younger grownups for both volitional and induced stepping, the oncoming timing of step-up lift off and the peak magnitude of the electromyographic signal of the bases side gluteus medius or extremely synchronized50. i Schmitz et Al ( 2002 ) reported that increased hip abduction demand during a individual leg stance activity with the hip placed in a somewhat flexed ( 20Es ) position28. i Nawoczenski and Neumann ( 2002 ) have defined an internal torsion as the consequence of a force be givening to travel a organic structure section about a articulation ‘s axis of rotary motion with its magnitude dependant on the applied external torque29. i Neumann DA and co-workers ( 1985 ) , ( 1994 ) stated that the external torsion at the hip would be the gravitative force produced by the HAT and left lower appendage times the external minute arms9,11. i Neumann and co-workers have ( 1985 ) , ( 1989 ) reported that right bole tilt would bring forth a torsion in the same rotatry way normally produced by the hip abductors9,30. i Campenella B, Mattacola CG ( 2000 ) stated that capable received strong verbal encouragement as they performed three repeats with hold clip of five seconds MVICs and rested one minute between each effort31. i Beutler Al, Cooper LW ( 2002 ) stated to standardise each place and maintain balance, we instructed the topic to maintain their pelvis degree and their bole in a perpendicular alliance, while gently puting their finger tips on the tabular array edge32. i Mackinnon Cadmium ( 1993 ) concluded that the pes arrangement at heel work stoppage may be altered with a alteration in the hip abduction or adduction motion generated during the swing stage of gait23. i Cerny ( 1984 ) stated that failing in a stabilising musculus, such as gluteus medius may bring forth divergences in joint gesture and subsequent loss of stability33. i Bullock-Saxton ( 1994 ) postulated that altered esthesiss in one articulation can take to muscle maps alterations in another, more proximal joint34. i Lentell G ( 1995 ) stated that after lower limb ligamentous hurts, dynamic postural stableness of the lumbo pelvic complex decreases35. i Elaine Trudelle-Jackson ( 2004 ) concluded that an exercising plan stressing weight bearing and postural stableness significantly improved musculus strength, postural stableness, self perceived map in patients four to twelve months after THA36. i Jarmillo et Al ( 1994 ) reported statistically important failing on the surgical leg of hip flexor, extensor, kidnapper and adductor musculus groups in 27 patients who had undergone one-sided arthroscopic articulatio genus surgery37. i Ireland et Al ( 2003 ) found important failing in hip kidnappers and external rotators in 15 female topics sing anterior articulatio genus pain38. i Beckman and Buchanan ( 1995 ) concluded delayed hip kidnapper musculus firing forms in 10 topics with ankle hypermobility39. i Karen Friel ( 2006 ) concluded that the uni sidelong chronic mortise joint sprains add weaker hip abduction strength and less plantar flexure scope of gesture on the involved sides. Clinicians should see exercisings to increase hip abduction strength when developing rehabilitation plan for patients with ankle sprains40. i Mackinnon and Winter ( 1993 ) stated that mistakes in pes arrangement are corrected at the subtalar or hip articulation which work in synergism ; little mistakes in the pes arrangement or corrected distally by the muscular structure of the pes whereas big mistakes are corrected at hip23. i Bohannon and Saunders ( 1990 ) have shown that a individual extremum test is equal for mensurating musculus strength41. i Reese NB ( 1999 ) stated that the â€Å" Make trial † method of musculus testing was used in which the patient applied a maximal musculus contraction to the tester ‘s manus keeping the dynamometer42. i Click fenter, JW Bellew ( 2003 ) concluded that commercially available ergometers can be used to quantify hip kidnapper strength with good excellent reliability16. i Kramer et Al ( 1991 ) found a belt resisted method to be superior to an tester resisted method of Hand Held Dynamometer in immature and old female subjects43. i Agre et Al ( 1987 ) reported that usage Hand Held Dynamometer in lower appendage hip abduction strength dependability coefficients ( R ) runing from 0.49 to 0.9244. i Andrew et Al ( 1996 ) showed that the usage of Hand Held Dynamometer in hip kidnapper strength trials of R = 0.71 for non-dominant side and 0.72 for the dominant side45. i Nadler et Al ( 2000 ) assessed the dependability of commercial ergometer attached on to grounding station and reported correlativity co-efficient runing from 0.94 to 0.98 for hip abduction and extension strength set uping high reliability46. i Bohannon ( 1990 ) , Wang ( 2002 ) , Kimura ( 1987 ) , stated that The test-retest dependability of Hand Held Dynamometer musculus proving in the lower appendages has shown interclass correlativity coefficient ( ICC ) values of 0.95 to 0.9941, 0.68 to 0.7947, 0.84 to 0.9148 and 0.74 to 0.8049.3. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGYThis survey defined to analyze the efficaciousness of wobble board and stable platform sidelong step-up hip kidnapper strengthening..3.1 Materialsi Stable platform and Wobble board. Height = 11cms. i Hand Held Dynamometer i Inch tape. i Weight turnup – 1 Kg. i Waist set.3.2 METHODOLOGYStudy DesignA pre-test and post-test experimental comparative survey. This survey will be carried out in two groups. Group A: Wobble board sidelong step-up hip kidnapper beef uping Group B: Stable platform sidelong step-up hip kidnapper beef upingStudy PutingThis survey was conducted among the pupils of Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Paramedical Sciences at post-graduate research research lab in physical therapy out patient section in Sri Ramakrishna Hospital Coimbatore-44.Treatment DurationGroup A: 15 repeat. for 3 sets in one session, 3 session for a hebdomad for four hebdomads. Group B: 15 repeat. for 3 sets in one session, 3 session for a hebdomad for four hebdomadsStudy DurationThe survey was conducted for a period of 6 months.3.3 ASSESSMENT TOOLSHand held dynomometer3.4 SamplingConvenient random trying method was used among the pupils of Sri Ramakrishna Paramedical Sciences, Grouping was done by Random block design in to two groups with each group dwelling of 30 topics.3.5 INCLUSION CRITERIAi? ¶ Normal healthy male persons in the age group 18 – 30 old ages. i? ¶ Ability to execute individual limb standing without any troubles.3.6 EXCLUSION CRITERIAHistory of any recent hurt in lower limbs. Any recent break in the lower limb. Any neurological failing in lower limb. Feel hard in individual limb standing. Limb length disagreement.3.7 DATA COLLECTION PROCEDUREScreened topics from Sri Ramakrishna College of Paramedical Sciences were and explained aim of the survey, for choice of the sample interested topics gave a written consent and thorough rating was done.3.8 STATISTICAL METHODThe collected information was tabulated and analyzed utilizing descriptive statistics to measure all the parametric quantities mean and standard divergence was used. To happen out important alterations between pre and post-test by mated t-test. To compare the average value alterations between the stable and wobble board exercisings by t-test was used.3.9 STATISTICAL TOOLSGroup A and Group B trial values are collected and assessed for fluctuation in betterment and their consequence are analysed utilizing un mated Independent ‘t ‘ trial. = mean of first sample = mean of 2nd sample n1 = Number of observation in the first sample n2 = Number of observation in the 2nd sample S = Combined criterion divergence Pretraining trial values and station preparation trial values are collected and assessed for fluctuation in betterment and their consequence are analysed utilizing dependent ‘t ‘ trial. t trial = = Mean for the difference of observation SD = Standard divergence of the difference SD =4. TREATMENT TECHNIQUESSubjects were tested in a gravitation minimized supine place with a Hand Held Dynamometer attached to a stationary device stabilized at the border of scrutiny sofa. Right lower appendage was chosen for rating and informations aggregation for all topics. The Hand Held Dynamometer was fixed on the side of the scrutiny couch16. Soft froth was placed on the grip of the Hand Held Dynamometer to supply comfort to the topics during the participation16. Right lower appendage was chosen for rating and informations aggregation for all topics. Subjects were positioned so that the ergometer was 5 centimeter proximal to the sidelong femoral condyle of the right limb16. The same arrangement was used for each topic during pre and post-tests. To stabilise the pelvic girdle, a belt was placed across the participant ‘s anterior superior iliac spinal columns and around the tabular array during the proving procedure16. Care was taken non to let the topics to revolve the pelvic girdle or execute internal rotary motion, external rotary motion or flexure at the hip. Use of upper appendages to stabilise the bole was permitted. Maximal attempt was used to execute a â€Å" Make trial † 5,42 in which topic exerted a maximum isometric force against the ergometer for five seconds on each of the pre and post-test. Three measurings were taken and mean to be used as informations for analysis. The topics practiced each exercising to familiarise themselves with each undertaking until they demonstrated proficiency. Subjects by and large required 8 to 10 pattern repeats for several exercising.Description OF THE WEIGHT BEARING HIP ABDUCTION EXERCISES: –In group A, subjects stood with both lower appendages shoulder width apart so they perform a sidelong increase on the 11cm tallness wobble board in a frontal plane following which maintaining the pelvic a flat place the topics lifts the contra sidelong lower appendage from the land and kidnap the leg up to 25Es5. Then the topics return back to get downing place and repeats the exercising for 15 repeats over 3 sets. In group B, the topics stood on their right lower appendage on 11cm high stable platform in a frontal plane and keeping the pelvic girdle in degree and so were instructed to raise the contra sidelong appendage from the land and to kidnap to 25Es5. In the both processs a 1 Kg sandbag was added at the ankle degree at the contra sidelong lower extremity5 for heightening ipsilateral hip kidnapper enlisting. The frequence of exercisings was three Sessionss for a hebdomad for four hebdomads continuance. The topics were asked non to indulge in any athleticss activity or exercising plan during the continuance of the survey. At the terminal of the 4th hebdomad the post-test dynamometric values were noted.5. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONGroup AWOBBLE BOARD LATERAL STEP-UPS.NoPRE TEST ( pound )POST TEST ( pound )1 28.33 37 2 23.33 33 3 20 33.33 4 25 35.33 5 30 39.66 6 25.66 34.66 7 25 34 8 18.33 29 9 15.66 26.66 10 22.66 34.66 11 26.33 36 12 27.66 36.33 13 20.33 31.33 14 19.66 30.33 15 27 36.33 16 39.33 49.66 17 24.66 33 18 26 34 19 21.66 29 20 30.66 39.33 21 17.33 27.33 22 25.33 35 23 24.66 34.33 24 18 28.33 25 30.33 40 26 27.66 36.33 27 32.33 40.66 28 25.66 34.66 29 29.66 37.66 30 24.33 35.66TESTING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF WOBBLE BOARD LATERAL STEP-UP EXERCISE IN INCREASING THE STRENGTH OF HIP ABDUCTOR USING PAIRED t-TEST.Number of topics = 30Mean ( pound )S.D.Average difference( pound )Pairedt-valueP valuePre-test 25.085 5.03 9.667 40.92 0.0001 Post-test 34.752 4.63COMPARISON OF PRE-TEST AND POST-TEST VALUES OFMEAN STRENGTH VALUES AND STANDARD DEVIATION VALUES USING WOBBLE BOARD LATERAL STEP – UP.GROUP BSTABLE PLATFORM LATERAL STEP-UPS.NOPRE TEST ( pound )POST TEST ( pound )1 24 30 2 24.66 28.33 3 18 24.33 4 23.33 29 5 20 25.66 6 25.33 31 7 25.33 29.33 8 20.33 25 9 17.66 23 10 23.33 29.66 11 27 32 12 31.33 35 13 24 29.66 14 32 36 15 30 33.66 16 25.33 29.66 17 24.33 29.66 18 27.66 33.66 19 24.33 30.66 20 19.66 24 21 26.33 31.66 22 25.33 30.33 23 20.66 25.33 24 24 28.33 25 26.33 31 26 24.66 29.33 27 19.66 25.66 28 23.66 27.33 29 21.33 25.66 30 25.66 30.33TESTING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STABLE PLATFORM LATERAL STEP-UP EXERCISE IN INCREASING THE STRENGTH OF HIP ABDUCTOR USING PAIRED t-TEST.Number of topics = 30Mean ( pound )S.D.Average difference( pound )Pairedt-valueP valuePre-test 24.174 3.52 4.967 31.37 0.0001 Post-test 29.141 3.27COMPARISON OF PRE-TEST AND POST-TEST VALUES OFMEAN STRENGTH VALUES AND STANDARD DEVIATION VALUES USING STABLE PLATFORM LATERAL STEP – UP.Comparison THE EFFECTIVENESS OF WOBBLE BOARD LATERAL STEP-UP WITH STABLE PLATFORM LATERAL STEP-UP IN INCREASING THE STRENGTH OFHIP ABDUCTOR USING UN PAIRED t-TESTNumber of Subjects = 60InterventionMean ( pound )S.D.Average difference( pound )t-valueP valueWobble board sidelong increase 9.67 1.29 4.701 16.53 0.0001 Stable platform sidelong increase 4.96 0.86COMPARISON OF MEAN VALUES AND STANDARD DEVIATION VALUES BETWEEN WOBBLE BOARD LATERAL STEP-UP GROUP AND STABLE PLATFORM LATERAL STEP-UP GROUP.6. DiscussionThis Study concentrated on to better the strength of hip kidnapper musculus by utilizing wobble Board Lateral Step-up and stable platform sidelong Step-up Exercise. Among 60 topics 30 topics received wobble Board Lateral Step-up and other 30 received the stable platform sidelong step-up Exercise. Exercises are normally used weight bearing exercisings for the lower appendage. The mated t-value ( 40.92 ) for wobble board sidelong measure up exercising and paired ‘t ‘ value 31.37 for stable platform sidelong measure up exercising shows that there is statistically important alteration at P & lt ; 0.05 ( 5 % degree ) over the survey continuance in bettering the strength of hip kidnapper. The un mated t-value ( 16.53 ) shows that there is statistically important difference at P & lt ; 0.05 ( 5 % degree ) between wobble board sidelong step-up exercising and stable platform sidelong step-up exercising. The comparing shows that there is important addition in the strength of hip kidnapper utilizing wobble board lateral increase than utilizing stable platform sidelong step-up exercising. Nawoczenski and Neumann ( 2002 ) have defined an internal torsion as the consequence of a force be givening to Travel a organic structure section about a Joint ‘s axis of rotation23 with its magnitude dependant on the applied External torsion. In this plan the external torsion produced by gravitation on caput, weaponries, bole and contra sidelong lower appendage ( about 84 % of organic structure mass ) 5 contracted by internal forces of gluteus muscular structure. Exercise in weight bearing generates really high torsion for hip kidnapper musculus than non weight bearing hip kidnapper exercisings. Hence exercising in weight bearing would be more good in gluteal musculus strengthening and rehabilitation. Lateral increases on unstable platform ( wobble board ) have non been described in literature. This survey focused on strength betterments due to unstable platform sidelong increases. In this survey the group exercises with wobble board sidelong increase improved better than stable platform sidelong increase. This may be attributed to bring oning neuromuscular versions of stretch physiological reaction, snap of the musculus and centripetal system of the joint22. Weight bearing exercisings induce co-contraction of agonist and antagonist musculus synchronism in keeping joint stableness by increased joint compaction. Wobble board sidelong increase may hold enhanced centripetal motor preparation of the hip kidnapper musculus in part to improved musculus public presentation. The survey noted that there is important betterment in the strength of kidnapper in the both groups. This may be due to specific preparation of hip kidnapper musculus due to personify weight opposition in sidelong step-up exercisings. Clinically, many survey reveals that these exercisings are really helpful in late – stage of exercising plan in conditions like entire Hip arthroplasty, After break immobilisation, Ankle sprains, iliotibial set clash syndrome, and knee joint disfunction status and besides featuring activities, like basket ball, and association football, required motions in lower limbs. The chief operational trouble faced during this survey was the regular followup of the topic which needed repeated supports to the topics. In a over all position in this survey states that exercisings are better effectual in beef uping hip kidnappers during late stage of rehabilitation.7. DecisionThe analysis of information reveals that there is important difference in the result with wobble board sidelong measure up exercising when compared with stable platform sidelong measure us exercise in bettering the musculuss strength of hip kidnappers. So, the wobble board sidelong step-up exercising may be used in orthopaedic rehabilitation for bettering the strength of hip kidnapper musculus.Restrictioni This survey did non concentrate on trunk place can significantly act upon the demands on the hip kidnapper musculuss during the weight bearing exercisings. i This survey was conducted on the immature symptomless topics which precludes direct extrapolation of consequences to patients with hurting from degenerative alterations, acute hurt, or post operative intercession. i Regular followup of the topics need to be done during and after the survey. i Merely male topics were selected.Recommendationi A similar survey can be done among the females to measure the strength response. i An Identical survey can be done on patients who have undergone Total Hip Arthroplasty or after hep joint break immobilisation, iliotibial set syndrome conditions. i A similar survey can be done with other methods of exercisings. i A similar survey can be done with other age group.

Abstract and Executive Overview of Y2K

What is the Y2K issue? This paper will describe the problems associated with Y2K and how Industry, Government, and Small Businesses are handling the problem. The first chapter introduces the Y2K issues. Chapter 2 will define how this affects the different businesses and Government agencies. Chapter 3 will develop an overall plan on how to attack the problem and recommendations. The majority of this paper will develop a plan on how each of the businesses and Government agencies should attack the Y2K problems. There should be a logical approach to planning how to investigate, test, validate, and if required, develop a contingency plan for Y2K. The job is to either form a team of personnel or hire a consulting firm to assess your situation. The team should employ the following steps: assess the system, renovate the system if necessary, validate the renovation if necessary, implement the renovation if necessary, test the renovation if necessary, and finally have a contingency plan in the event that renovating the system is not feasible and/or is too late. The only necessary or required action is to assess the system. This will be discussed in detail in my paper. The real issue is that less than a year remains before the year 2000 problems are here. The recommendation is to begin working this issue now. It may be too late, but that is when the contingency plan comes in handy. 2. What impacts are they†re to Government, Industry, and Small Business? 3. What can Government, Industry, and Small Business Do to Combat the Y2K Issues? There are actually more dates than just the year 2000 date. There are dates that can impact the leap year algorithms; Julian dates, fiscal year dates, calendar dates, and ASCII code dates. The top dates that need to be checked are: 1. 9 September 1999. This date can be read in code as 9999. In computer language, specifically ASCII code, this translates into a request for the processor to stop processing. 2. 1 October 1999. This is the start of the new Fiscal year for the Government (FY00). The algorithm for this may not be able to go from FY99 to FY00. 3. 31 December 1999. At midnight, the date rolls over to 1 January 2000. This problem can exist in two areas. The first is in the BIOS†s that exist for most desktop machines. The BIOS†s normally contain the clock and date data. The operator updates this data, when the system is first turned on and is continuously updated by the computer from then on. The problem is that older versions of BIO software recorded the date in two year digits (99, instead of 1999) so that once the date rolls into the year 2000, the BIOS†s can not understand the rolling of the year and moves it back to 14 Jan 80, the default year date. The other problem is in the application software that uses the two-year date. The application software uses algorithms to roll over the dates and can not roll to the year 2000 date. It normally has to be manually input to get to the new date. 4. 28 February 2000. At midnight, the date should roll over to 29 February 2000. This is determined in the software by an algorithm that checks to see if the current year is a leap year. If it is a leap year then it should roll to 29 February 2000, if it can not determine the leap year, then it will jump to 1 March 2000. 5. 29 February 2000. This is almost the same problem as 28 February 2000. It will try to calculate the fact it is a leap year and roll the date to 1 March 2000. If it can not determine that it is the leap year, it will either go to 2 March 2000 or it will provide an incorrect date. There are several other dates that are important, based on each application software package, and needs. Examples are, a bank computer uses COBOL software that does not calculate the dates well, FORTRAN software used in scientific research does not do dates well, and older versions of Microsoft software used the two-year digit dates. The different application software packages that are available for computers are beginning to fix the year 2000 problem in the next revision and/or update. The problems that are being encountered are that the updates may not be compatible with the data that goes with the application software. An example is that Microsoft Access 2.0 is not year 2000 compliant. To upgrade to a compliant version, the original data associated with Access 2.0 will not run on the upgrade version. In addition, the upgrade Access will not operate on the old versions of Microsoft Windows. Therefore, additional problems are beginning to come into focus with the year 2000 issue. Another issue is all the databases that are used. Relational databases use date fields as part of wildcard actions, used as sorting identification, as grouping actions, and as part of daily identification. Some specific examples are: simple databases, such as the window explorer allow you to view and sort files in a date/time field. If this date field were only two digits, then it would incorrectly sort the files (year 00 would be first rather than last). Another example is a large database that is used to match names with addresses and billing statements. This database would need to flag dates with the billing statements. If the dates were incorrect or not sorted correctly, then the billing statements would be invalidated. As discussed, there are several issues when dealing with Y2K. These issues have a direct impact on both Government and Industry. What impacts are they†re to Government, Industry, and Small Business? There are several impacts to Government, Industry, and Small Business. Dates that can impact the leap year algorithms; Julian dates, fiscal year dates, calendar dates, and ASCII code dates. These dates were discussed in chapter 1. Now we will discuss the ramifications to the new dates. For the Government, the dates will have a major impact across the board. Every Government agency, from Federal to City, will be impacted. The Federal Government uses computers on a daily basis and without them, the Federal Government would not be able to operate. Some specific examples are in the Department of Commerce, Department of Defense, and the Department of Justice. The Department of Commerce utilizes computers to run the National Oceanic Atmospheric Association (NOAA) systems that are used to chase Hurricanes. The problem is that several of the computers are used to log different data and use date/time stamping with that data. This data is later analyzed to try and map hurricanes for the future. If the Y2K issues are not resolved, important data will be lost. The Department of Defense also uses computers to a very large extent. This is especially true for the DOD large complex machinery used to defend the country. There are very few parts of the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marines that do not use computers. Computers are the backbone to DOD and without them, there is a real fear that our armed forces would not be able to defend this country. The Department of Justice has an even worse problem. They are charged with keeping track of criminals and federal indictments across the country. Because of the complexity of the laws, if the computers used to keep track of indictments and criminal records are not Y2K compliant, then the Justice system could have criminals cleared of any wrong doing because of a simple date issue. It is well known that if the date or address were wrong on an indictment or a search warrant, anything found because of the indictment or warrant would not be used in court. Industry has the same basic problems that the Government would have. They rely on computers in almost every aspect of the business. From robotic assembly lines to employee payroll, all of industry relies on the computer to run its day to day operation. The problem that both industry and Government have is that there was no contingency to the Y2K issue. Both industry and Government have several backup systems. An example is that major banks will have the main frame computer in one location and a hot backup in a totally different location. Take Nations Bank. Nations Bank may have its primary mainframe computer, for all its checking accounts, here in town. There is a hot backup (a hot backup is a main frame computer that records the same exact information that the mainframe computer is recording, but it does not handle any transactions, just records the information) that is located in a different part of the country, say Colorado. In this way, if a major hurricane were to devastate Tampa, the hot backup would come on line take over the responsibility of the mainframe. In this way, vital information would not be lost. This was all thought out years before, but not Y2K. Y2K would impact both mainframes (the primary and the backup) and all the data would be corrupted. The problem with small business is that it relies on the computer to do many of its tasks that employees used to do. In small business, people were employed to handle payroll, marketing, office management, files, record keeping, and profit/loss ledgers. These people were replaced with the advent of the computer. Now any small business could operate without minimal employees. The office manager could now handle payroll, marketing, files, records, and ledgers right on the computer. The computer became the key piece of equipment for the small business. Without the computer, small businesses could not stay in operation. Look at a small business that provides hearing aids to the general public. Besides the payroll, this small business will keep all its customers accounts in a simple database. This database will be used to notify the business when the hearing aid needs servicing, additional hearing tests should be done, replacement batteries, and payment schedules. This is just the tip of the database. The database would also be used to send out flyers on new technology, discounts, and will serve as the business mailing lists. Without this computer, the small business would need to hire additional personnel and return to paper and pencil to operate. What can Government, Industry, and Small Business Do to Combat the Y2K Issues? For both Government and Industry, it will not be a problem to combat Y2K. There is work already being done to correct the problems. Both agencies, through consulting agencies and internal working groups, have developed a series of plans to combat the Y2K issue. The standard procedure is to first do an inventory and assessment on the agency. After the assessment is done, a renovation plan is developed to renovate the different systems. After renovation is completed, the system is placed into the validation phase, where it is tested using the different Y2K dates to ensure that no problems are encountered. After the testing is completed and the validation is verified, then the implementation phase is started. The implementation phase is to implement the system into action, and begin watching the system during the actual crossover dates. The cost to perform all of the plans and phases are high. On most major DOD systems, the cost ranges from $100 Thousand to over $5 Million. For industry, their costs are about the same. It does not matter if the agency does it internally or hires consultants to perform the work. The costs are normally high. These costs are absorbed in industry and/or in the Government by the consumer and/or taxpayer. Industry will pass the costs to the consumer by increasing its price on the product. The Government will either increase taxes or modify the budget to get the necessary funds to ensure Y2K compliance. The real problem lies with small business. The plans and phases that were developed by industry and Government must also be accomplished by small business. The problem is that small business does not have the money to expend on the Y2K issue. Small businesses do not have the overhead or capital to afford to test its systems and ensure that Y2K problems do not exist in its machine. Since most small businesses do not rely on consultants and do not have a computer expert on the payroll, then small businesses must rely on the software companies to ensure that the computer is Y2K compliant. Since they do not have the funds to try and make their systems Y2K compliant, then the small business must rely on Macintosh, Microsoft, and other large software companies to ensure that the software is compliant. This becomes a real issue for the small business. The major software companies have problems with ensuring that the software they are selling is Y2K compliant. An example is that Microsoft Windows 98 may be compliant, as far as the Y2K issue is concerned. But any other application software that is used with Windows 98 may not be compliant, making the system non-compliant. Microsoft can not be held responsible for other software packages built by other software companies. In addition, most software companies will not support older versions of its software. An example is that Microsoft will not support Windows version 3.1. This is based on the availability of newer versions of Windows being available to the consumer. So where does this leave the small business? The small business is in a delicate situation. The recommendation for small business is to work through the chamber of commerce and pool the resources that each small business has to get the support it needs. There is Federal and Local assistance available to help small business ensure that the Y2K issue is resolved prior to the actual dates. The real problem is that if the small business does not recognize that it has a problem, then it will not work to fix the Y2K issue in time. By combining their resources and working with the local chambers, a network of consultants could work together to fix the problem before the actual Y2K dates have come. The only other option would be to spend the money to go through the same plans and phases that the Government and Industry goes through to fix the Y2K issue. This cost would be too high for small business. The final option would be for the small business to cross his fingers and hope for the best. This would be the last option for the businessperson to work with.

The Wright Brothers and the First Flight of an Airplane

The Wright Brothers and the First Flight of an Airplane In 1899, after Wilbur Wright had written a letter of request to the Smithsonian Institution for information about flight experiments, the Wright Brothers designed their first aircraft. It was a small, biplane glider flown as a kite to test their solution for controlling the craft by wing warping. Wing warping is a method of arching the wingtips slightly to control the aircrafts rolling motion and balance. Lessons From Birdwatching The Wright Brothers spent a great deal of time observing birds in flight. They noticed that birds soared into the wind and that the air flowing over the curved surface of their wings created lift. Birds change the shape of their wings to turn and maneuver. They believed that they could use this technique to obtain roll control by warping or changing the shape, of a portion of the wing. The Gliders Experiments Over the next three years, Wilbur and his brother Orville would design a series of gliders that would be flown in both unmanned (as kites) and piloted flights. They read about the works of Cayley  and Langley and the hang-gliding flights of Otto Lilienthal. They corresponded with Octave Chanute concerning some of their ideas. They recognized that control of the flying aircraft would be the most crucial and hardest problem to solve. So following a successful glider test, the Wrights built and tested a full-size glider. They selected Kitty Hawk, North Carolina as their test site because of its wind, sand, hilly terrain and remote location. In the year 1900, the Wright brothers successfully tested their new 50-pound biplane glider with its 17-foot wingspan and wing-warping mechanism at Kitty Hawk in both unmanned and piloted flights. In fact, it was the first piloted glider. Based on the results, the Wright Brothers planned to refine the controls and landing gear, and build a bigger glider. In 1901, at Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina, the Wright Brothers flew the largest glider ever flown. It had  a 22-foot wingspan, a weight of nearly 100 pounds and skids for landing. However, many problems occurred. The wings did not have enough lifting power, the forward elevator was not effective in controlling the pitch and the wing-warping mechanism occasionally caused the airplane to spin out of control. In their disappointment, they predicted that man will probably not fly in their lifetime. In spite of the problems with their last attempts at flight, the Wright brothers  reviewed their test results and determined that the calculations they had used were not reliable. They decided to build a wind tunnel to test a variety of wing shapes and their effect on lift. Based upon these tests, the inventors had a greater understanding of how an airfoil (wing) works and could calculate with greater accuracy how well a particular wing design would fly. They planned to design a new glider with a 32-foot wingspan and a tail to help stabilize it. The Flyer In 1902, the Wright brothers flew numerous test glides using their new glider. Their studies showed that a movable tail would help balance the craft and so they connected a movable tail to the wing-warping wires to coordinate turns. With successful glides to verify their wind tunnel tests, the inventors planned to build a powered aircraft. After months of studying how propellers work, the Wright Brothers designed a motor and a new aircraft sturdy enough to accommodate the motors weight and vibrations. The craft weighed 700 pounds and came to be known as the Flyer. The  First Manned Flight The Wright brothers built a movable track to help launch the Flyer. This downhill track would help the aircraft gain enough airspeed to fly. After two attempts to fly this machine, one of which resulted in a minor crash, Orville Wright took the Flyer for a 12-second, sustained flight on December 17, 1903. This was the first successful powered and piloted flight in history. In 1904, the first flight lasting more than five minutes took place on November 9th. The Flyer II was flown by Wilbur Wright. In 1908, passenger flight took a turn for the worse when the first fatal air crash occurred on September 17. Orville Wright was piloting the plane. Orville Wright survived the crash, but his passenger, Signal Corps Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge, did not. The Wright Brothers had been allowing passengers to fly with them since May 14, 1908. In 1909, the U.S. Government bought its first airplane, a Wright Brothers biplane, on July 30. The airplane sold for $25,000 plus a bonus of $5,000 because it exceeded 40 mph. Wright Brothers - Vin Fiz First Armed Airplane On July 18, 1914, an Aviation Section of the Signal Corps (part of the Army) was established. Its flying unit contained airplanes made by the Wright Brothers as well as some made by their chief competitor, Glenn Curtiss. Patent Suit Although Glenn Curtisss invention, ailerons (French for little wing), was far different from the Wrights wing-warping mechanism, the Court determined that use of lateral controls by others was unauthorized by patent law.

laceds@hotmail.com essays

laceds@hotmail.com essays After observing a film that attempted to portray the legacy of Christopher Columbus, I have reached my own personal conclusions regarding his achievements, or, more appropriately, misadventures. Although it is true Columbus initiated an exchange of education in matters of foods, cultures, languages and wars, the means by which he was able to obtain wealth while westernizing the new world can hardily be considered appropriate or praiseworthy. Driven by his lust for new resources, land, power and wealth, Columbus was both ruthlessly ambitious and overly determined. So much so, that upon his arrival at San Salvador, he refused to believe the aboriginals when they revealed he arrived on an island. In his ignorance he continued to believe he was in Asia, addressing them as Indians. Being that Columbus was not of noble blood, he had to convince Ferdinand and Isabella his trip would profit them, creating empty promises to discover back door route to the riches of Asia Cathay. With these claims he gained support from the monarchs, while he also received religious backing from the Catholic Church by using religion as a guise to pursue his greedy desires. It is extremely ironic that Columbus manages to gain sponsorship from the two super-powers of his era, Church and state. His tactics werent all that conventional; one only needs to look to the past to see where he gained his insight. Time and time again leaders achieved their wealth by stripping it from the poor of the land by treachery and deceit (indulgences, for example) and by cruelly raising taxes on the serfs (poor of the land) and extracting more money through the cruelties of the feudal system. Columbus merely mimicked past victories in hopes to of achieving his pursuit of wealth and power. Columbus' greed was obviously a motivating factor as he was promised not only profit, but also the title of, 'Admiral.' ...

Go for It With Pa’lante

Go for It With Pa’lante Palante is not a word you will find in any standard Spanish dictionaries. Spanish teachers might even cringe upon hearing it. It is a Spanish slang word loosely translated as onward, go ahead, or go for it. Where Pa’lante Comes From Palante  is a well-understood  slang  word apparently originally used in Caribbean Spanish-speaking areas and seems to be gaining popularity in other parts of the Spanish-speaking world. Its a shortened version of para  adelante, a fairly common phrase made up of the  preposition  para, often meaning for, and  adelante, an  adverb  (sometimes functioning as other  parts of speech) meaning forward. What is unique about this word and its use is that  contractions and  apostrophes  are rarely used in Spanish. In fact, using apostrophes to indicate letters are missing is usually thought of as an Anglicism. For some inexplicable reason, palante is sometimes spelled as palante and is listed that way as slang in the Collins Spanish Dictionary. But the spelling of palante is far more common. It is not listed in the Royal Spanish Academy Dictionary (known as DRAE for its Spanish initials), the languages most authoritative reference source. Famous Word at Rallies Palante is something commonly heard at rallies usually used to rile up a person or group to action. As evidence of its burgeoning spread outside of the Caribbean, the word was used as part of a slogan at pro-Hugo Chvez rallies in Caracas, Venezuela:  ¡Palante Comandante!  Chvez was the president of Venezuela from 2002 to 2013. A literal translation of the rhyming phrase  ¡Palante Comandante!, would be something like Forward, Commander! although that direct interpretation does not capture the subtle connotation nor the colloquial nature of the phrase. El  CotVmandante  was a popular reference to Chvez. In the context of rallies, other translations of palante might be go ahead, onward, go for it, hang in there or keep on going. Pop Culture References Pop icon and Puerto Rican singer Ricky Martin brought the word mainstream in his 1995 musical hit,  Marà ­a. A popular line from the song: Un, dos, tres, un pasito palante Maria! The line translates to, One, two, three, one little step forward, Maria!  The song topped the charts at the time and became Martins first international hit single. Before and after Martin, Spanish music artists have been using the slang word in music hits. Other famous titles with the word include Echa  Palante, by  Mexican recording artist, Thalia, made popular in 1997. The song was featured in the 1998 dance competition movie Dance with Me in a memorable scene starring  Vanessa L. Williams  and  Puerto Rican  singer  Chayanne. As an example of the words use in song prior to Martin, Puerto Rican-American Latin jazz great, Tito Puente released a song, Palante, which he subtitled Straight in English.   Palante con Cristina (Palante With Cristina) is a popular show on Telemundo, a U.S. cable TV network. Related Phrases One related phrase that is widespread is echado para adelante. The sentence Estamos echados para adelante can mean something like, Were all ready to go for it. Sometimes echado para adelante is shortened to something like echao padelante. These phrases are not considered formal Spanish, but would most likely be used in the context of colloquial speech or familiar conversation.   Palante in Names of Programs or Groups Palante has become word often used in the names of organizations on programs to help convey they idea of progress. Among them: Mujeres Palante is a cooperative employment organization of and for the benefit of women. It is based in Barcelona, Spain.Palante Harlem is a New York tax-exempt organization devoted to housing issues.Echar PaLante is a campaign devoted to the betterment of Puerto Rico.PaLante Pacà ­fico is a philanthropic effort connected with the University of the Andes (Universidad de los Andes) in Bogot, Colombia.The PaLante Afterschool Program is for elementary children in Allentown, Penn. Key Takeaways Palante is an increasingly common Spanish slang word that isnt listed in most dictionaries.Palante is used to indicate concepts such as encouragement, enthusiasm, resolve, and progress.The word can be found in song titles and names of organizations throughout the Spanish-speaking world.

Strategic HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic HRM - Essay Example Only 6 percent of the employers have experienced growth during this time. In order to understand the utility of strategic human resource management in the organizations, this study aims to discuss the issues of unemployment during the economic downturn and recession that recently shook the international economy. The effect of the global economic downturn includes insolvency, bankruptcy, and declining revenue of the employers, decreasing purchasing power of the people, and most importantly unemployment, downsizing. The intention is to analyze every dimension of effect of recession on the human resources, so that the implications of strategic human resource management in global financial crisis can be understood. The second part of the study would discuss the strategic moves that the employers and human resource department of the organization can take in order to manage the human resource in the organization because downsizing is not the solution to reduce cost, but it decreases the po ol of skilled workforce in the firm, which affects the company negatively (Galinsky, and Bond, 2009, p. 1-2). The latest data that is available from the Office of National Statistics (ONS) reveals that the employment of 460,000 people has decreased in UK since recession of 2008. The major portion of these employees is full time workers, but after recession the level of part-time employees has risen compared to the full time employees. This reason is obvious; the companies want to hire those whom they have to pay less. The full times employees had to be paid salary according to the labour policies, and also have to provide the other facilities which a full time employee is liable to get. So it can be depicted that the human resource strategy when most of the employers in UK and other parts of the world applied was rigorous downsizing, which resulted in mass unemployment (Philpott, 2012, p. 2). Any person is regarded as unemployed if that individual is out of work and is badly in a ne ed of work to earn his/ her living. The figures of unemployment are calculated by the Office of National Statistics. During recession this organization survey after an interval of three months in order to capture the true status of job loss and unemployment. As soon as the recession surface, the rate of employment reduced considerably within few months. About 1.6 million job cuts were seen in the first few months of recession. During the end of 2009, the job cuts peaked to 2.5 million, which was the highest till then in the history of UK. However, in 2011 it further increased to 2.7 million, which was the highest unemployment level in UK in 17 years. Even the unemployment rate of women in the affected economies increased considerably. IN 2012, the first deduction in unemployment level was seen, which a positive signal (BBC News, 2012). If the output cost due to unemployment during recession is evaluated, it would be seen that the worth of the output decreased because of the rising l evel of unemployment. Considering about 2.67 million job cut in 2011, it can be said that the economy of the country lost about ?129 billion of the output, due to increasing level of unemployment. However, this loss was not the result of the unemployment of all of these unemployed people in UK because about 1.6 million people were already unemployed before recession. Recession added to the existing rate of employment. This amounted to about ?132 billion, which is about 9.4 percent of the GDP of UK in 2011. It goes without

The purpose of food protection and safety Research Paper

The purpose of food protection and safety - Research Paper Example This has been taking root in developing countries due to parasite stimulated food borne illnesses, and presence of many industries that lead to emission of chemical into water sources contributing to the high level of food borne diseases. These factors have led to the formation of rules relating to food protection, and tribal and local agencies to inspect and oversee food establishment, to ensure food protection. The purpose of food protection is essentially to control the number of patients who undergo diagnostics related to poor food protection. This has been through the introduction of models of the food code, program evaluation and scientifically-based guidance. This is in regard to a study carried out by Knechtges (2012). The aim of this food protection strategy is to ensure that people are productive, rather than getting ill from food related health complications, which retards national development. Food protection is purposeful to ensure that there is no burden on communities and their health systems. This is because food contamination leads to a colossal economic and social burden on the people who suffer from the complication and those that care for the sick. This is because – according to a research study by NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Advances in Food Security and Safety against Terrorist Threats and Natural Disasters & Hefnawy (2011) – there is an indication that thirty five billion US dollars were set to cater for medical costs thus causing loss of productivity. Food protection has also to protect the reputation of a nation. This is because illnesses arising from food contamination like cholera and typhoid demean a country in that; it cannot protect its nationalities from food related diseases, hence the country cannot be helpful in terms of regional cooperation and exchanges (Thomasson, 2009). This is due to the suspicion that the foods they sell are not pure. Food protection through biotechnology measures such as crop

The Effects of Autism on a Familys Social Participation From a Fathers Essay

The Effects of Autism on a Familys Social Participation From a Fathers Perspective - Essay Example In this study, the researcher conducted a qualitative investigation regarding the impact that autism has on a family's social participation from the father's perspective. The researcher will explain how using the Person-Environment-Occupation model may both increase levels of social participation and increase the overall wellbeing and mental health of family's of autistic children. The nature of Autism, a complex developmental disorder, remains largely elusive up to the present time. However, there have been myriad advances and discoveries regarding this condition (Rutter, 1999). Compared to other developmental disorders, Autism is being diagnosed at a rapid rate with an annual growth rate between 10 and 17% (Autism Society of America, 2007). This disorder has a prevalence rate in one out of every 150 births and affects approximately 1.5 million Americans (Autism Society of America, 2007). There is both a desire to treat the devastating effects of this disorder and a fascination to understand the nature of social interaction of patients with this condition. Large proportions of autistic patients exhibit differences in sensory processing and motor performance that may affect social participation and day-to-day functioning (Chawarska, Klin, Volkmar, & Powers, 2008, 104). In their research, Domingue, Cutler, & McTarnaghan (2000) found that family members that care for autistic children have been shown to have greater difficulty in developing and sustaining vital social connections both at work and at home. Social activities such as dinners, weekend outings, and vacations are greatly reduced and marital difficulties often arise from the difficulty of effectively supporting their autistic child (Fisman, Wolf, & Noh, 1989). In their 2005 study, Rodrigue, Morgan, and Geffken pointed out that fathers have been largely neglected in previous research of families with autistic children. They found that fathers of children with autism reported frequent use of both wish-fulfilling fantasy and information seeking as coping strategies. In addition to this, fathers with autistic children reported a greater financial impact and disruption of family activities when compared to fathers that did not have children with this disorder (Rodrigue, Morgan, and Geffken, 2005). While the researchers found that fathers adapt reasonably well to the needs of their autistic children, they also noted that autism had a significant impact on the family's social participation from the father's perspective (Rodrigue, Morgan, and Geffken, 2005). Cost of Care Numerous costs are involved in the treatment and care of autistic patients. When calculating the price of treatment, it is necessary to include direct medical, direct non-medical, and lost productivity costs. A complete treatment plan for an individual with autism may cost the public $3.2 million over the patient's lifetime (Moldin & Rubenstein, 2006, p. 476). In addition to this, the combined societal cost to treat all individuals with autism may amount to $35 billion over the pa

Ethnic Groups and Discrimination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethnic Groups and Discrimination - Essay Example Major emigration from Sweden to America started after 1839, when the initial organized emigrant communities began to arrive in New York (Beijbom 1996). From 1850 to 1929, more than 1.3 million Swedes migrated to America, a quantity that covered around 26 percent of the total population of Sweden during that time. Sweden had one of the top rates of emigration of all of the European countries. The rates of immigration to America varied every year, nevertheless, mirroring economic conditions in both Sweden and America. The first major migration of Swedes to the United States came between 1868 and 1873, as famine in their home country and opportunity for land in America encouraged around a hundred thousand Swedes, primarily farm families, from Sweden. (Granquist 2009) Swedish-Americans had relatively little negative experience with regard to discrimination, because the Swedes did not experience some of the cruelties other ethnic groups experienced. Swedish immigrants were in general well accepted by majority of Americans and appeared to mingle well with their neighbors. It helped that the Swedes were seen as welcome immigrants, because they came from a Protestant northern European nation (Granquist 2009). All in all, Swedish Americans were educated, possessed skills, and industrious type of people, and found employment on farms and in mines and factories. Young Swedish women were particularly in demand as domestic servants in American homes. In many areas in the United States during that time, Swedes lived near other Scandinavian and German immigrants. A conventional typecast of nineteenth-century Swedish immigrants was that they were either farmers or agricultural laborers in the countryside areas, or domestic servants in urban areas. There was a certain amount of veracity in this typecast since such jobs were often occupied by immigrants who have recently reached the United States. Many Swedish immigrants were educated, skilled, and self-driven,

History of the Parthenon and its Barrier Breaking Architecture Essay

History of the Parthenon and its Barrier Breaking Architecture - Essay Example The building was designed by architects IKtinos and Kallikrates who included various sculptural decorations - both within and outside the temple thus making it the face of Athens. The elaborate designing of the monument is characterized by the use of coherence and harmony based on the foundation of mathematical calculations i.e. a ratio of 9: 4 where the length of the building was more than twice that of its width and the distance between the columns was more than twice their diameter (Belozerskaya and Lapatin 72). Figure 2: Plan of the Parthenon, 447 BC – 432 BC Source: Pedley, 2005: pp. 69 The 9:4 ratio used during construction was applied for plan i.e. length: width as well as for elevation. The key architectural style used was that commonly found in the construction of Doric temples which is indicated by the formula used for total number of columns i.e. eight peristyle columns on the front and back and seventeen columns (2x + 1) on the flank (Pedley 69). Due to its unique architectural design the Parthenon is unanimously acknowledged as a symbol of Greek democracy as well as one of the greatest cultural monuments in the world. Brief historical background: The Parthenon is believed to be built on huge platform similar in size to the new Parthenon as indicated by the large scale excavations carried out on the site, thus indicating that a similar building was sought to be constructed by the ancient Greeks on the same scale as the Parthenon. The pre-Parthenon or the older building which was believed to be destroyed by during the Persian invasion in 480 BC were found to have used marble columns drums which were destroyed by fire due to the pressure. These marble column drums were later re-used in the construction of the new Parthenon in the north wall of the Acropolis as a symbol of the great Greek sacrifice and loss endured by them. Similarly various other previously destroyed artifacts found as a part of excavation were used in the construction of the n ew Parthenon (Beard 103). Figure 3: The Parthenon View from the north west, 447 - 432 BC Source: Pedley, 2005: pp. 68 One of the key features of the Parthenon is that it has been built out of recycled materials. Researchers have found evidence regarding the re-use of old materials based on the existence of a small temple (naiskos) located at the Parthenon's north colonnade, in the area between the fifth and eight columns from the east side of the temple (see figure 4). It was believed that the shrine found on the location existed long before the Parthenon was built and that it could be a part of the older Parthenon (Neils 27). Historians have argued that contrary to the popular belief that the new Parthenon was built as a dedication to the patron goddess Athena, the temple was built as an anathema - "a votive offering, not in the honor of Athena but of her glory- seeking, democratic, imperial city". It was believed to uphold the democratic ideals of the Athenians and hence was dedic ated by the people to the people (Hurwit 166). The Parthenon was destroyed by the Turkish forces after a long siege resulting in conversion of the temple into a mosque. The Ottoman Turks completely transformed the Parthenon into a mosque by whitewashing the walls to cover the Christian frescoes; blocking the windows and the converting the Christian watch tower into a

Environmental Pollution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Environmental Pollution - Research Paper Example Most of the activities done every day are causing pollution. The production of global economic creates pollution globally. Burning of fossil fuels to run factories, power plants and motorized vehicles are contributing to huge amount of environment pollution every day (Danelski, 2006, p. 189). High levels of Carbon monoxide (CO) is produced by motor vehicles and are also major source of nitrogen oxide (NO) and hydrocarbons (HC) which is very harmful for the environment. In my opinion, some excavated interests push hydrogen because it would allow the players (petroleum) who are existing to influence their existing control over fuel. A threat to this is an electric power, since interests that are competing control it already. In the first place, a car using hydrogen fuel cell is an electric. It even has batteries, because the cell for the fuel cannot make the large spikes for the current needed for acceleration and climbing of hills. The difference between a fuel cell EV and a battery EV is that some of the batteries have been replaced with a fuel cell and a big H2 tank. Secondly, hydrogen is not a true fuel; it is a medium of storage for energy, such as battery. There is no free (elemental) source of hydrogen on earth. Hydrogen instead must be separated chemically from water, using electricity typically. In addition, this process is much less efficient than other technologies using battery i.e. the electric car would be propelled nearly twice as far by the same electricity in a battery EV.

History of the Parthenon and its Barrier Breaking Architecture Essay

History of the Parthenon and its Barrier Breaking Architecture - Essay Example The building was designed by architects IKtinos and Kallikrates who included various sculptural decorations - both within and outside the temple thus making it the face of Athens. The elaborate designing of the monument is characterized by the use of coherence and harmony based on the foundation of mathematical calculations i.e. a ratio of 9: 4 where the length of the building was more than twice that of its width and the distance between the columns was more than twice their diameter (Belozerskaya and Lapatin 72). Figure 2: Plan of the Parthenon, 447 BC – 432 BC Source: Pedley, 2005: pp. 69 The 9:4 ratio used during construction was applied for plan i.e. length: width as well as for elevation. The key architectural style used was that commonly found in the construction of Doric temples which is indicated by the formula used for total number of columns i.e. eight peristyle columns on the front and back and seventeen columns (2x + 1) on the flank (Pedley 69). Due to its unique architectural design the Parthenon is unanimously acknowledged as a symbol of Greek democracy as well as one of the greatest cultural monuments in the world. Brief historical background: The Parthenon is believed to be built on huge platform similar in size to the new Parthenon as indicated by the large scale excavations carried out on the site, thus indicating that a similar building was sought to be constructed by the ancient Greeks on the same scale as the Parthenon. The pre-Parthenon or the older building which was believed to be destroyed by during the Persian invasion in 480 BC were found to have used marble columns drums which were destroyed by fire due to the pressure. These marble column drums were later re-used in the construction of the new Parthenon in the north wall of the Acropolis as a symbol of the great Greek sacrifice and loss endured by them. Similarly various other previously destroyed artifacts found as a part of excavation were used in the construction of the n ew Parthenon (Beard 103). Figure 3: The Parthenon View from the north west, 447 - 432 BC Source: Pedley, 2005: pp. 68 One of the key features of the Parthenon is that it has been built out of recycled materials. Researchers have found evidence regarding the re-use of old materials based on the existence of a small temple (naiskos) located at the Parthenon's north colonnade, in the area between the fifth and eight columns from the east side of the temple (see figure 4). It was believed that the shrine found on the location existed long before the Parthenon was built and that it could be a part of the older Parthenon (Neils 27). Historians have argued that contrary to the popular belief that the new Parthenon was built as a dedication to the patron goddess Athena, the temple was built as an anathema - "a votive offering, not in the honor of Athena but of her glory- seeking, democratic, imperial city". It was believed to uphold the democratic ideals of the Athenians and hence was dedic ated by the people to the people (Hurwit 166). The Parthenon was destroyed by the Turkish forces after a long siege resulting in conversion of the temple into a mosque. The Ottoman Turks completely transformed the Parthenon into a mosque by whitewashing the walls to cover the Christian frescoes; blocking the windows and the converting the Christian watch tower into a

Environmental Degradation Essay Example for Free

Environmental Degradation Essay The deterioration of the environment by natural or human forces is known as environmental degradation. Natural happenings like heavy rain, floods, storms, earthquakes, volcanoes etc. are not under human control and they play havoc with environment time to time by making the land unfit lor cultivation. Here man is helpless. He can do nothing except to see the havoc. But when man himself plays a vital role in degrading the environment in which he lives, and then the problem becomes more serious. Needless to say that environmental degradation is one of the major global issues. The overuse of resources is it land or water and the industrialisation process are the major causes of this phenomenon. Man has been felling the tress for his various purposes. He never minds if this process goes on without check it will lead to soil erosion, floods, silting of irrigation canals and cultivated lands, which finally degrade our environment. Our population is increasing fast, which has also degraded the environment to a great extent. Mans insatiable needs and distress have disturbed the whole environmental equilibrium. The race of armament among countries is no less responsible for this global issue. Apart from these our industries emit smoke and discharge liquids including polluted water. The smoke contains many undesirable gases such as carbon monoxide and sulpher dioxide. All borne particles in solid, liquids and gaseous form. The pollution in atmosphere has tendency to form their layers and sinks in atmosphere. The chlorofluorocarbons which come from aerosol sprays nuclear weapons, refrigerators etc., have caused a hole in the ozone layer of atmosphere. This hole is allowing increased amount of ultraviolet radiation reaching our earth. The above mentioned factors have really degraded the environment and if ways to check it are not applied we will have face serious consequences. We must put an end to our ir satiable needs and desires. There must not be indiscriminate cutting of trees because it will lead to ecological imbalances. Instead, we should know the value of tree plantation and should plant trees as many as we can in our surrounding area. Next, our ever growing population must be checked because it puts an extra burden .on our natural resources. Last but not the least, factories should not be allowed to emit large quantities of harmful effluents into air through their chimneys. They should discharge them into the rivers aid other water bodies because this dirty water can be treated aid recycled to be used again. Our environment must be protected by all means. We must realise the fact that so long environment is there, our life is there. The day, when there is no environment, there will be a complete doom.

Causes And Effects Of Global Financial Crisis Economics Essay

Causes And Effects Of Global Financial Crisis Economics Essay Financial crisis is defined as a situation characterized by severe disruptions in the value of financial institutions assets, their access to funding or their clients trust, to the point of endangering the financial systems sustainability (Argandona 2009). This essay will discuss the various likely causes of Global financial crisis and the preventive measures that the UK government could take to avoid or diminish the threats of another crisis. Global economic crisis of 2008 resulted due to some fundamental and undesirable changes that took place in the efficient use of resources in America (Davis 2009, p. 1). According to Davis (2009), some changes that could be easily perceived were breakdown of information technology and the ever increasing globalization across the world. He has discussed in his article, the consequences of emergence of Post Industrial Society in US which led to an increase in unemployment as the largest employers shifted from manufacturing organizations to service industry which later contributed as a cause of credit crunch. The essay will first place the possible causes that led to the downturn in the financial position of the various economies across the world and finally it will talk about the methods that UK government can adopt to prevent itself from the hazards of next financial crisis. The essay concludes that while some countries were largely affected by the impact of crisis in 2008, there remain few countries that managed to overcome the shock and survived because of their policies and the best possible steps taken by them. The IMF remains bedeviled by philosophical disputes about the scale and scope of its lending and crisis related activities. These disputes distract the institution from its role as a global lender of final resort.(Truman 2006b, p. 532) Truman (2008) says that at the time of unfolding of economic crisis, members of International Monetary Fund failed to provide any kind of assistance to the economies that required a short term need for external liquid resources. According to him, one of the various possible causes was macroeconomic policies of several countries across the world that jointly holds the responsibility to a great extent for the crisis. He further commented that easy monetary policies and fiscal policies of countries like US, Japan and others reduced the savings rate of these countries and distorted the balance of the financial system and led to a soaring of global credit and elevated the price of houses. Collateralized debt obligations are bonds ultimately backed by bundle s of loans such as subprime mortgages.(Davis 2009, p. 103) Financial institutions had a good amount of money in the form of foreign exchange reserves so it started lending money to everyone at a very low interest rate (Truman 2008, p. 23) and also to the people who had no capacity to return it back, that is, subprime mortgages came into picture (Davis 2009). After a certain period, when the supply started exceeding demand, housing prices in US began to drop, mortgage holders found that the price or value of their house was less than what they were owing to the banks and so they started defaulting in high numbers and a rise in foreclosures was observed. Emergence of post industrial society, i.e. a shift from manufacturing to service industry in US led to large unemployment. In an effort to improve productivity, companies started cutting down on labour and ultimately small number of skilled labours were left. So the competition for skilled labour increased. With the materialization of defined contribution pension plan, the incentive to stick to a particular company came to an end. And employees started moving from one company to another. This new plan of pension fund led to the growth of mutual fund industry (Davis 2009, p. 31) which resulted in decline in employee attachment with the company and increased participation by financial institutions through mutual funds. Securitization [altered the traditional pattern of banking by] turning assets into securities traded on markets (Davis 2009, p. 35). This way of banking allows the bank to lend more amount of money. One form of securitization was mortgage backed bonds (Davis 2009, p. 35). Deboer (2008, p. 5) says that any commercial bank must have approximately 10% of the total amount of loan issued by it, in its capital assets. Many financial bodies issued mortgage-backed financial derivatives and eventually when the housing prices started falling, the value of mortgage backed securities declined too which in turn started making them bankrupt. Realizing this, banks started issuing small number and small quantity of loans. This strapped the credit situation tightly and thus housing prices started narrowing further. In Eastern Europe, the major reason behind the crisis was short term borrowings (Aslund 2009) from many European banks in large amounts because of the security and safety offered by so many countries in Europe by setting a fixed exchange rate. This led to inflation of prices because high amount of money was flowing in. Also the countries like Ukraine started importing goods on high scale and thus fell short of balance payment it owed to other countries. Lack of administration and regulation of the financial sector is another cause identified by Truman (2008, p.24). He says that the overleveraging of the financial system took place gradually in an exponential rising manner over several years, where poor supervision of the policymakers and the others responsible praised the incredible growth of the economy in its early years when the signs of inflation were not noteworthy. After a period of time, (Truman 2008, p. 24) when the financial institutions were left with no money and had no capacity to fund any further investment, the formation distorted and deleveraging began. He believes that another possible reason that might have had altered the market structure was the poorly understood risk associated with the innovations in the formation of new policies in the financial institutions. Bergsten (2008) says that countries like UK should adopt an economic expansion programme to avoid or surpass the effect of next possible financial crisis. Such programme would involve an effort to increase the domestic demand and thus causing an expansion of the trade in between countries. It also involves reducing the restrictions of trade on the border and inside the country as well. He says the most positive step the leaders of the G-20 could take would be to pledge to adopt fiscal stimulus programs amounting to at least 1 to 2 percent of most of their national economies. Leaders should try to think something creative rather than blaming each other for the crisis. Bergsten (2008) suggests that UK along with other countries must assure a support of at least $500 billion each to enhance the resources of IMF (International Monetary Fund) so that it will accumulate good amount of wealth and pledge to support UK as well as other countries at the time of crisis. He also suggests that an efficient working group needs to be formed within the countries to analyse and supervise financial regulations closely. Financial stability report from Bank of England (2009) states that banks should have sufficient amount of liquid assets to lessen its dependence on short term borrowings for funding non liquid assets. The Tripartite Committee comprising of the Bank of England, FSA (Financial Services Authority) and the treasury was held responsible for the crisis of 2008 by the staff of politics.co.uk (2009) in a report. They say that the Bank of England should be held accountable for macro-economic supervision instead of FSA and that all the three should know their exact roles and responsibilities. The report also suggests steps like developing policies to suppress fluctuations in financial conditions, assigning British authorities to constantly monitor UK branches of multinational banks so that if any new policy is formed by them which might affect the financial status of the co untry in future can be clogged at the right time, increasing the regulations about the capital assets requirement for the bank so that it properly assesses the loan borrower and grant it to him only if he can afford to pay it back. Bergsten (2008) has put forward the idea of a joint work or supervision of the FSA and the Bank. He feels that it would be effective if FSA concentrates on the conduction of the business and Bank focuses on the systemic issues. Amato (2009) expresses his views saying that assets whose value could not be determined were given triple-A ratings by the rating agencies and thus attracted more investors so UK government must ensure that banks dont over rely on the credit ratings (Bank of England 2009). Amato (2009) says protectionism should be removed so that all the companies across the world can trade easily and freely in other countries without any barriers. Recapitalization scheme has been undertaken by UK banks deliberately to raise capital to provide it w ith ample amount of insurance against future threats of crisis. (Bank of England, 2008) CONCLUSION Looking at the various causes, we can conclude that there were different reasons for crisis in different parts of the world. If a country forms strong policies and takes decisions that would be beneficial in the long run, then it might be able to protect itself from the adverse consequences of financial instability. Amato (2009) says that a country needs to form policies keeping in mind not only the benefit of its domestic market but also of the whole world. All the countries should cooperate at the international level and support IMF by all means. Countries like China, Malaysia and some Islamic countries were least affected by crisis because of their strong policies, good supervision and regulations, ability to predict or identify financial fluctuations in advance and resistance to outside worlds financial imbalance. The world has lot to learn from these countries.